Selected public references related to 43IT’s technical work. Entries are included only where roles, parties, documents and quotations may be disclosed publicly.

Public court documents

Opel, Peugeot, Citroën and DS diesel emissions collective actions

Jurisdiction: The Netherlands — Amsterdam District Court

Document: ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2025:5535; Case Nos. C/13/705132 / HA ZA 21-687, C/13/712754 / HA ZA 22-71 en C/13/712812 / HA ZA 22-72

Technical issue: Whether Opel, Peugeot, Citroën and DS diesel vehicles sold in the Netherlands from 2009 complied with EU emissions rules, or used prohibited defeat-device software.

43IT role: Software analysis and technical expert report by Dr Markus Heitz from 43IT on emissions-control strategies. Based on this report and other evidence, the court found illegal defeat devices were present in Opel, Peugeot, Citroën and DS vehicles, including temperature windows and AdBlue-related strategies that could increase NOx emissions under normal driving conditions.

Status note: Interim judgment. Proceedings are ongoing.

Renault/Dacia diesel emissions collective actions

Jurisdiction: The Netherlands — Amsterdam District Court

Document: ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2024:6874; Case Nos. C/13/702519 / HA ZA 21-500, C/13/710414 / HA ZA 21-1028, C/13/710434 / HA ZA 21-1030

Technical issue: Whether there is sufficient evidence of defeat devices to order that Renault should disclose technical information and documentation relating to alleged defeat devices in its diesel vehicles.

43IT role: Technical expert report by Dr Markus Heitz from 43IT on engine-management software and alleged defeat devices. The report described software strategies linked to temperature conditions, restart behaviour, vehicle speed, gear selection and other operating parameters that allegedly altered emissions-control performance.

Status note: Interim procedural judgment; no final ruling on the technical allegations.

Media articles

UK PANNOx trial

Publication: BBC News, 13 October 2025

Topic: UK High Court proceedings over alleged diesel-emissions cheat software involving Mercedes, Ford, Peugeot/Citroën, Renault and Nissan.

43IT role: Contribution of software analysis and technical expertise by Dr Markus Heitz from 43IT in relation to alleged emissions-control and defeat-device strategies examined in the proceedings.

BMW / Mini

Publication: Consumentenbond, 10 November 2025

Topic: Dutch collective proceedings concerning alleged defeat-device software in BMW diesel vehicles.

43IT role: Contribution of software analysis and technical expertise by 43IT in relation to alleged emissions-control and defeat-device strategies examined in the proceedings.

Volkswagen EA189 diesel settlement

Publication: Consumentenbond, 10 September 2025

Topic: Collective settlement between Volkswagen and Dutch consumer organisations concerning EA189 diesel vehicles and alleged emissions software manipulation.

43IT role: Contribution of software analysis and technical expertise by 43IT in relation to alleged emissions-control and defeat-device strategies examined in the proceedings.

Mercedes

Publication: NL Times, 17 April 2024

Topic: Dutch court approval of collective proceedings concerning alleged manipulation of diesel emissions tests by Mercedes-Benz and Renault.

Relevance: 43IT has been hired by the claimants to produce reports, do vehicle emissions testing and give expert evidence in relation to alleged emissions-control and defeat-device strategies examined in the proceedings.